SAD PERSONS Scale to Calculate Suicide Risk

By Dr. Costa / November 29, 2025

The SAD PERSONS Scale is a brief clinical mnemonic used to structure an initial assessment of suicide risk. It was introduced in 1983 by Patterson and colleagues as a teaching and triage tool for medical trainees.

SAD PERSONS Suicide Risk Calculator

For use by trained health professionals as a structured aide-mémoire. Not a standalone decision tool.

⚠️ Clinical caution The SAD PERSONS scale has poor sensitivity in predicting repeat self-harm and suicide. It should not be used in isolation to make admission or discharge decisions. Always integrate a full clinical assessment, collateral information, and local policies.

Score bands (classic SAD PERSONS):

0–4 – Low risk band
5–6 – Moderate risk band
7–10 – High risk band

Higher scores reflect a greater concentration of traditional risk factors but do not capture intent, protective factors, or current mental state in detail.

S — Sex (male)

Male sex scores 1 point.

Yes No

A — Age < 20 or > 44 years

1 point if under 20 or over 44 (often <19 or >45 in some references).

Yes No

D — Depression

Clinical depression or prominent depressive symptoms currently.

Yes No

P — Previous suicide attempt

Any prior suicide attempt or serious self-harm with suicidal intent.

Yes No

E — Ethanol / substance misuse

Problematic alcohol or drug use, especially current intoxication.

Yes No

R — Rational thinking loss

Psychosis, severe cognitive disturbance, or markedly impaired judgment.

Yes No

S — Social supports lacking

Limited or absent supportive relationships, isolation, or recent major losses.

Yes No

O — Organized suicidal plan

Specific method, preparations made, perceived lethality high.

Yes No

N — No spouse

Single, separated, divorced, or widowed (no cohabiting long-term partner).

Yes No

S — Sickness (chronic, severe)

Chronic, debilitating, or severe physical illness, especially with pain or disability.

Yes No

Default is “No” (0) for each item unless changed.

Score & Interpretation

Complete the items above and select “Calculate SAD PERSONS Score” to view the total.

This tool is intended as an educational adjunct for trained health professionals. It must not be used for self-diagnosis or as the sole basis for clinical decisions. Always follow local policies and consult senior clinicians or mental health specialists where available.

SAD PERSONS Suicide Risk Calculator

Score & Interpretation

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