Transverse fracture: The break goes straight across the bone (perpendicular to the bone’s length). Often from a direct hit or bending force.
Oblique fracture: The break is angled/diagonal across the bone. Common with a force that hits the bone at an angle.
Comminuted fracture: The bone breaks into three or more pieces (“shattered”). Usually caused by high-force injuries.
Spiral fracture: The break wraps around the bone like a corkscrew. Typically caused by a twisting force.
Greenstick fracture: The bone bends and cracks on one side but doesn’t break all the way through—like snapping a “green” (fresh) stick. Most common in kids because their bones are more flexible.
Compound (open) fracture: The broken bone pierces through the skin (or the wound reaches the fracture). This is more serious because of infection risk.
Compression fracture: The bone gets crushed or collapsed, often in the spine (vertebrae). Can happen from falls or weakened bones.
Stress fracture: A small crack (or severe bruising) from repeated stress over time—common in athletes (like runners).
